{"id":3166,"date":"2019-02-19T00:11:12","date_gmt":"2019-02-18T14:11:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.11critic.com\/?p=3166"},"modified":"2020-05-12T22:41:14","modified_gmt":"2020-05-12T12:41:14","slug":"%e4%b8%ad%e8%b6%8a%e6%88%98%e4%ba%8940%e5%b9%b4-%e8%b0%81%e6%89%8d%e6%98%af%e7%9c%9f%e6%ad%a3%e7%9a%84%e8%83%9c%e5%88%a9%e8%80%85%ef%bc%9f%e8%af%95%e7%9c%8b%e7%ac%ac%e4%b8%89%e6%96%b9%e5%8e%86","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.11critic.com\/?p=3166","title":{"rendered":"\u4e2d\u8d8a\u6218\u4e8940\u5e74 \u8c01\u624d\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u8005\uff1f\u8bd5\u770b\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u5386\u53f2\u7248\u672c"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u636e\u300a\u718a\u732b\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u5b98\u5a92\u8fd1\u65e5\u5728\u201c\u4e2d\u8d8a\u6218\u4e89\u201d40\u5e74\u53d1\u6587\uff0c\u7ee7\u7eed\u58f0\u79f0\u8d8a\u5357\u662f\u80dc\u5229\u8005\u3002\u6587\u4e2d\u8fd8\u8ba4\u7232\uff0c\u89e3\u653e\u519b\u653b\u8d8a\u7684\u56db\u5927\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8feb\u4f7f\u8d8a\u5357\u519b\u961f\u64a4\u51fa\u67ec\u57d4\u5be8\u3001\u4e89\u53d6\u7f8e\u56fd\u7b49\u8d8a\u5357\u654c\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u63f4\u52a9\u3001\u7834\u574f\u8d8a\u5357\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u5411\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c55\u793a\u5b9e\u529b\u7b49\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u4e5f\u575a\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u80dc\u5229\u8005\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u7684\u5462\uff1f40\u5e74\u5386\u53f2\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e45\u8fdc\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u5176\u5b9e\u5df2\u7ecf\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u59a8\u56de\u987e\u4e00\u4e0b\u6765\u81ea\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u7248\u672c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u81ea\u53e4\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4fbf\u7ea0\u7f20\u7740\u3002\u4e24\u56fd\u8fb9\u754c\u957f\u8fbe\u4e00\u5343\u4e00\u767e\u4e94\u5341 \u516c\u91cc\uff0c\u5c71\u6c34\u76f8\u8fde\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u8d8a\u5357\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u4e0d\u7ba1\u793e\u4f1a\u6587\u5316\u6216\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5f80\u6765\uff0c\u90fd\u6df1\u53d7\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0e\u652f\u914d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8d8a\u5357\u66fe\u957f\u671f\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u85e9\u5c5e\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u8131\u79bb\u4e2d\u56fd\u63a7\u5236\u800c\u72ec\u7acb\u3002\u8d8a\u5357\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u671d\u8d21\u662f\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u5404\u56fd\u5f53\u4e2d\u7ef4\u6301\u6700\u4e45\u8005\uff08\u9648\u9e3f\u745c\uff0c1992\uff1a235\uff09\u3002\u8d8a\u5357\u4eba\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u53cd\u4e2d\u60c5\u7ed3\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8868\u73b0\u5728\u8d8a\u5357\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u5386\u53f2\u6587\u7269\u4e3a\u51ed\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6cb3\u5185\u7684\u73af\u5251\u6e56\u7684\u795e\u9f9f\u80cc\u4e0a\u7684\u7891\u6587\u4fbf\u8bb0\u8f7d\u7740\uff0c\u5341\u4e94\u4e16\u7eaa\u8d8a\u5357\u56fd\u738b\u9ece\u5229\u5bf9\u6297\u4e2d\u56fd\u660e\u671d\u4fb5\u7565\u7684\u82f1\u52c7\u4e8b\u8e5f\u4e0e\u795e\u8bdd\uff08\u989c\u5efa\u53d1\uff0c1996\uff1a56-57\uff09\u3002\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c \u4e2d\u8d8a\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5f62\u6001\u662f\u8d8a\u5357\u4eba\u62c5\u5fc3\u4e2d\u56fd\u968f\u65f6\u4f1a\u518d\u6b21\u652f\u914d\u4ed6\u4eec\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u4eba\u4e00\u76f4\u63d0\u9632\u7740\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u66fe\u5360\u9886\u6cd5\u5c5e\u4e2d\u5357\u534a\u5c9b\u3002\u6218\u5f8c\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u6295\u964d\u3001\u64a4\u51fa\uff0c\u7559\u4e0b\u6743\u529b\u771f\u7a7a\u3002\u8d8a\u5357\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u6210\u7acb\u5f8c\uff0c\u4e3a\u6cd5\u56fd\u6240\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u4f46\u6cd5\u56fd\u968f\u5373\u53d1\u52a8\u4e00\u573a\u653f\u53d8\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u91cd\u56de\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u590d\u8f9f\u5f97\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c \u4f46\u8d8a\u5357\u72ec\u7acb\u8fd0\u52a8\u662f\u82cf\u8054\u6240\u52a0\u6301\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7684\u534f\u52a9\u800c\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u3002\u82cf\u8054\u652f\u6301\u8d8a\u5357\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u4e0e\u80e1\u5fd7\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u82cf\u8054\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u51b3\u88c2\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u5bf9\u8d8a\u5171\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8fdc\u591a\u65bc\u82cf\u5171\uff1b1950 \u5e74 1 \u6708 18 \u65e5\u4e2d\u56ef\u4e0e\u5317\u8d8a\u5efa\u4ea4\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5411\u5317\u8d8a\u63d0\u4f9b\u6b66\u5668\u3001\u519b\u8bad\u548c\u8865\u7ed9\u54c1\u53bb\u62b5\u6297\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ed3\u76df\u7684\u5357\u8d8a\uff1b\u82cf\u4e2d\u51b3\u88c2\u5f8c\uff0c\u82cf\u5171\u6210\u4e3a\u8d8a\u5171\u7684\u9996\u8981\u7684\u652f\u6301\u6765\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n

1952 \u5e74 10 \u6708 16 \u65e5\u65af\u5927\u6797\u6b7b\u5f8c\uff0c\u4e2d\u82cf\u5173\u7cfb\u9010\u6e10\u6076\u5316\u3002\u5bf9\u6b64\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u9760\u5411\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u4e2d\u8d8a\u4e24\u56fd\u7ed3\u4e0b\u4e86\u6881\u5b50\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u8d8a\u5357\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u53d6\u6001\uff0c\u56de\u5934\u770b\uff0c\u57cb\u4e0b\u4e86\u4e2d\u8d8a\u7206\u53d1\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u8087\u56e0\u3002\u82e5\u8ffd\u6839\u6eaf\u6e90\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aac1979\u5e74\u7684\u4e2d\u8d8a\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u662f\u8d8a\u5357\u81ea\u5df1\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

1954 \u5e74\uff0c\u4e2d\u56ef\u65bc\u65e5\u5185\u74e6\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e2d\uff0c\u7232\u907f\u514d\u8d8a\u5357\u5185\u6218\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u4ee5\u5317\u7eac 17 \u5ea6\u7ebf\u5212\u5206\u5357\u3001\u5317\u8d8a\u3002\u8d8a\u6218\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u82cf\u4fc4\u53cc\u65b9\u90fd\u5bf9\u5317\u8d8a\u63d0\u4f9b\u5927\u91cf\u519b\u7ecf\u63f4\u52a9\uff0c\u4f46\u5317\u8d8a\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u6709\u6212\u5fc3\uff0c\u4f01\u56fe\u4ee5\u300c\u5f15\u82cf\u5236\u4e2d\u300d\u4e4b\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u963b\u6b62\u4e2d\u56fd\u52bf\u529b\u6df1\u5ea6\u63d2\u624b\u4e2d\u5357\u534a\u5c9b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5bf9\u6b64\u6781\u5ea6\u4e0d\u6ee1\uff0c\u591a\u65b9\u963b\u6320\u82cf\u4fc4\u63f4\u8d8a\u7269\u8d44\u8fc7\u5883\uff0c\u81f4\u4f7f\u8d8a\u5171\u6000\u6068\u5728\u5fc3\u3002\u800c\u8d8a\u5171\u4e0d\u613f\u5bf9\u4e2d\u5171\u4fef\u9996\u542c\u547d\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u6269\u5927\u5ba3\u4f20\u4e2d\u56ef\u4f01\u56fe\u67d3\u6307\u4e2d\u5357\u534a\u5c9b\u7684\u201c\u91ce\u5fc3\u201d\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u79cd\u4e0b\u4ec7\u56e0\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u8087\u56e0\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ec7\u56e0\uff0c\u6ce8\u5b9a\u4e2d\u8d8a\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0d\u518d\u98ce\u5e73\u6d6a\u9759\u3002<\/p>\n

1972 \u5e74\u5c3c\u514b\u677e\u5728\u8c0b\u58eb\u57fa\u8f9b\u683c\u7684\u534f\u52a9\u4e0b\uff0c\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5f00\u653e\u4ee5\u53ca\u7f8e\u4e2d\u65b0\u7684\u6218\u7565\u6027\u7684\u53cd\u82cf\u8054\u76df\u7684\u5f62\u6210\uff08\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\uff0c2013a\uff09\u3002 \u7f8e\u4e2d\u5173\u7cfb\u8d70\u8fd1\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u52a0\u5927\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u8d8a\u5357\u5728\u4e2d\u5357\u534a\u5c9b\u4e0a\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u30021973 \u5e74\uff0c\u5317\u8d8a\u5ba3\u5e03\u5bb9\u8bb8\u5916\u8d44\u5728\u5357\u6d77\u5f00\u91c7\u77f3\u6cb9\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u65bc1974 \u5e74\u6d3e\u519b\u961f\u6536\u590d\u5f53\u65f6\u7531\u5357\u8d8a\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u897f\u6c99\u7fa4\u5c9b\u3002<\/p>\n

1974 \u5e74 8 \u6708\u5c3c\u514b\u677e\u56e0\u6c34\u95e8\u4e11\u6848\u4e0b\u53f0\uff0c\u4f9d\u5baa\u6cd5\u7531\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u526f\u603b\u7edf\u798f\u7279\u7ee7\u4efb\u603b\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n

1975 \u5e74 4 \u6708\u8d8a\u5171\u653b\u9677\u5357\u8d8a\u9996\u5e9c\u897f\u8d21\uff0c\u5357\u8d8a\u653f\u6743\u706d\u4ea1\u3002 \u7f8e\u56fd\u9000\u51fa\u8d8a\u5357\u6218\u573a\u3002<\/p>\n

1975 \u5e74\u79cb\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u6743\u529b\u65bc\u7edf\u4e00\u5927\u4e1a\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe\u3002\u8d8a\u5171\u603b\u4e66\u8bb0\u9ece\u7b0b\u524d\u5f80\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u82cf\u8054\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002\u788d\u65bc\u8d8a\u5357\u7684\u4eb2\u82cf\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u63a8\u642a\uff0c\u800c\u82cf\u8054\u5219\u7b54\u5e94\u5411\u8d8a\u5357\u63d0\u4f9b\u5927\u91cf\u957f\u671f\u7684\u63f4\u52a9\u3002\u4ece\u6b64\uff0c\u8d8a\u82cf\u5173\u7cfb\u8d8b\u597d\uff0c\u800c\u8d8a\u4e2d\u5173\u7cfb\u53d8\u574f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8d8a\u5357\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\u53cc\u65b9\u5b58\u6709\u4e3b\u6743\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u5357\u6c99\u7fa4\u5c9b\u7684\u591a\u6570\u5c9b\u7901\uff0c\u4e2d\u8d8a\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u4e5f\u9690\u9690\u51fa\u73b0\uff08\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\uff0c 2013a\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

1975 \u5e74 5 \u6708\uff0c\u8d64\u67ec\u4fb5\u5165\u4e86\u8d8a\u5357\u5bcc\u56fd\u5c9b\uff0c\u5f8c\u88ab\u8d8a\u5357\u519b\u961f\u9a71\u79bb\u3002\u6b64\u5f8c\u4e24\u56fd\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d1\u751f\u8fb9\u5883\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u8d8a\u5357\u6307\u8d23\u8d64\u67ec\u5165\u4fb5\u8d8a\u5357\u9886\u571f\u3001\u5c60\u6740\u5728\u67ec\u57d4\u5be8\u7684\u8d8a\u5357\u516c\u6c11\u3002\u67ec\u57d4\u5be8\u4e5f\u6307\u63a7\u8d8a\u5357\u4fb5\u72af\u4e86\u67ec\u57d4\u5be8\u7684\u9886\u571f\uff08\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\uff0c2013d\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

1976 \u5e74\u8d8a\u5357\u7edf\u4e00\u3002\u8d8a\u5357\u5e0c\u671b\u4e0e\u534e\u76db\u987f\u4fdd\u6301\u5916\u4ea4\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u575a\u6301\u4ee5\u7ecf\u6d4e\u63f4\u52a9\u4e3a\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u8d8a\u5357\u5219\u56de\u62a5\u89e3\u51b3\u5728\u8d8a\u5931\u8e2a\u7684\u7f8e\u519b\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5728\u63a5\u8fd1 1976 \u5e74\u7f8e \u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u9009\u4e3e\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u798f\u7279\u603b\u7edf\u53d1\u8868\u654c\u89c6\u6cb3\u5185\u7684\u8a00\u8bcd\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5176\u4f59\u4e0b\u7684\u603b\u7edf\u4efb\u671f\u5185\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6539\u5584\u7f8e\u8d8a\u53cc\u65b9\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff08\u962e\u83b2\u5e78\uff0c2013\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6b64\u65f6\u4e2d\u5357\u534a\u5c9b\u7684\u5728\u7f8e\u82cf\u4e24\u5f3a\u7684\u5bf9\u5cd9\u4e0b\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u60c5\u52bf\u662f\uff1a\u8d8a\u5357\u548c\u82cf\u8054\u9760\u8fd1\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u9760\u8fd1\uff0c\u800c\u8d8a\u5357\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u77db\u76fe\u5728\u915d\u917f\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n

1977 \u5e74 2 \u6708\u8d8a\u5357\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7b2c\u56db\u6b21\u5168\u56fd\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\u5f8c\uff0c\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u4ee5\u9ece\u7b0b\u4e3a\u603b\u4e66\u8bb0\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4f53\u5236\u548c\u4eb2\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8def\u7ebf\u3002<\/p>\n

1977 \u5e74 4 \u6708\uff0c\u8d8a\u519b\u4fb5\u7565\u8d8a\u5357\u8fb9\u5883\u7684\u67ec\u57d4\u5be8\u516d\u4e2a\u7701\u4efd\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u589e\u5f3a\u5bf9\u67ec\u57d4\u5be8\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u63f4\u52a9\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u652f\u6301\u3002\u8d8a\u5357\u5219\u56de\u4ee5\u6536\u7d27\u8d8a\u5357\u5883\u5185\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\uff08\u962e\u83b2\u5e78\uff0c2013\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6cb3\u5185\u62c5\u5fc3\u5357\u8d8a\u7684\u534e\u4fa8\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5185\u5e94\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u53c8\u60f3\u5c06\u56de\u5f52\u7684\u5357\u8d8a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5f7b\u5e95\u8f6c\u6210\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e43\u547d\u4ee4\u5357\u65b9\u534e\u4eba\u8fc1\u79fb\u81f3\u7279\u5b9a\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u5f00\u53d1\u5904\u5973\u5730\uff0c\u4f46\u7ec8\u56e0\u73af\u5883\u6076\u52a3\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u534e\u4eba\u65e0\u6cd5\u5fcd\u53d7\u800c\u9003\u79bb\uff08Suryadinate, 2007: 82\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u300c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u6539\u9020\u300d\u8fd0\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u534e\u4eba\u88ab\u8feb\u5165\u7c4d\u3001\u6216\u6ca1\u6536\u8d22\u4ea7\uff0c\u6216\u52a0\u4ee5\u9a71\u9010\u8005\u8fbe\u7ea6\u6709 6 \u4e07\u4eba\u4e4b\u5de8\u3002\u5f62\u6210\u6392\u534e\u6d6a\u6f6e\u3002\u6b64\u5916\u8d8a\u5171\u66f4\u65bc 1977 \u5e74 \u63a5\u53d7\u82cf\u8054\u987e\u95ee\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u5b9e\u65bd\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u300c\u51c0\u5316\u8fb9\u5883\u5730\u533a\u300d\u8ba1\u753b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u65e0\u529b\u627f\u62c5\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8fd4\u4e61\u96be\u6c11\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u6781\u5927\u7684\u56f0\u6270\uff0c\u51b2\u7a81\u671f\u95f4\u4e2d\u56ef\u867d\u6570\u5ea6\u4e0e\u8d8a\u5357\u4ea4\u6d89\uff0c\u5374\u4e00 \u76f4\u65e0\u6cd5\u83b7\u5f97\u89e3\u51b3\uff08\u962e\u83b2\u5e78\uff0c2013\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

1978 \u5e74 2 \u6708\uff0c\u4e2d\u5357\u534a\u5c9b\u5c40\u52bf\u8d8b\u7d27\u3002\u8d8a\u5357\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u652f\u6301\u67ec\u57d4\u5be8\u4eba\u63a8\u7ffb\u8d64\u67ec\u7684\u6ce2\u5e03\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5728\u5317\u65b9\u8fb9\u5883\u4e0e\u652f\u6301\u8d64\u67ec\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e5f\u53d1\u751f\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u8d8a\u4e2d\u5173\u7cfb\u65e5\u76ca\u4ea4\u6076\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u9042\u65bc 6 \u6708 16 \u65e5\u5173\u95ed\u8d8a\u5357\u9a7b\u5e7f\u5dde\u3001\u5357\u5b81\u3001\u6606\u660e\u4e4b\u603b\u9886\u4e8b\u9986\uff0c \u7ee7\u65bc 7 \u6708 3 \u65e5\u505c\u6b62\u5bf9\u8d8a\u5357\u4e00\u5207\u63f4\u52a9\u5e76\u64a4\u56de\u63f4\u8d8a\u987e\u95ee\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u5173\u7cfb\u81ea\u6b64\u5168\u9762\u7834\u88c2\uff08\u53f6\u6211\u95fd\uff0c2006\uff1b\u8f9b\u8fdc\uff0c2009\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u540c\u65f6\uff0c \u8d8a\u5357\u5e76\u7740\u624b\u94f2\u9664\u5176\u52bf\u529b\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u4eb2\u4e2d\u7684\u8d64\u67ec\u6ce2\u5e03\u653f\u6743\u30021978 \u5e74\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u6cbb\u5c40\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u300c\u653b\u67ec\u6297\u534e\u300d \u7684\u65b9\u9488\uff0c\u9042\u5927\u529b\u52a0\u5f3a\u548c\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u82cf\u8054\u519b\u4e8b\u6280\u672f\u88c5\u5907\u6e90\u6e90\u4e0d\u65ad\u8fd0\u62b5\u8d8a\u5357\u3002 8 \u6708\uff0c\u4ee5\u9632\u7a7a\u519b\u4e2d\u5c06\u6c83\u7f57\u6bd4\u8036\u592b\u4e3a\u9996\u7684\u82cf\u8054\u519b\u4e8b\u6280\u672f\u987e\u95ee\u56e2 120 \u4eba\u968f\u540c\u8fd0\u9001\u88c5\u5907\u7684\u4e24\u67b6\u300c\u5b89-22\u300d\u519b\u7528\u8fd0\u8f93\u673a\u7ecf\u5df4\u57fa\u65af\u5766\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u5230\u8fbe\u6cb3\u5185\u3002<\/p>\n

1978 \u5e74 11 \u6708 3 \u65e5\u8d8a\u5357\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u603b\u4e66\u8bb0\u9ece\u7b0b\u548c\u82cf\u8054\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u603b\u4e66\u8bb0\u5e03\u91cc\u5179\u6d85\u592b\u5728\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u7b7e\u8ba2\u4e86\u9488\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u300e\u82cf\u8d8a\u53cb\u597d\u5408\u4f5c\u6761\u7ea6\u300f\uff0c\u5e76\u5b9a\u4e0b\u8fdb\u653b\u6d88\u706d\u4eb2\u4e2d\u7684\u67ec\u57d4\u5be8\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73 11 \u6708 5 \u65e5\u51fa\u8bbf\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u7684\u524d\u4e24\u5929\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u6307\u8d23\u8be5\u6761\u7ea6\u4e3a\u519b\u4e8b\u8054\u76df\u3002\u8d8a\u5357\u7684\u4e00\u7eb8\u76df\u7ea6\uff0c\u5bf9\u90bb\u56fd\u6784\u6210\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u6218\u7565\u5a01\u80c1\u3002\u81ea\u6b64\uff0c\u4e2d\u8d8a\u5173\u7cfb\u5df2\u65e0\u6cd5\u56de\u5934\u3002\u8d8a\u5357\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b21\u57cb\u4e0b\u4e2d\u8d8a\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u56e0\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u63a5\u7740\u5728\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u56fd\u5bb6\u65f6\u66fe\u8bb2\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d41\u6c13\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u6559\u8bad\u5b83\u4e00\u4e0b\u3002\u663e\u89c1\uff0c\u6b64\u523b\u5df2\u662f\u5c71\u96e8\u6b32\u6765\u98ce\u6ee1\u697c\u7684\u5904\u5883 \uff08\u8f9b\u8fdc\uff0c2009\uff09\u3002 \u8fd9\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u8d8a\u5357\u7684\u9996\u6b21\u8b66\u544a\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u6b21\u8b66\u544a\u65f6\uff0c\u4e2d\u7f8e\u5c1a\u672a\u5efa\u4ea4\u3002<\/p>\n

1978 \u5e74 12 \u6708 15 \u65e5\u7f8e\u4e2d\u4e24\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5ba3\u5e03\uff0c\u5c06\u5728 1979 \u5e74 1 \u6708 1 \u65e5\u5efa\u7acb\u5916\u4ea4 \u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u6b64\u9645\uff0c\u4e0e\u524d\u82cf\u8054\u7b7e\u7f72\u53cb\u597d\u5408\u4f5c\u6761\u7ea6\u7684\u8d8a\u5357\uff0c\u4e43\u65bc12 \u6708 25 \u65e5\u653b\u6253\u4eb2\u4e2d\u7684\u8d64\u67ec\u6ce2\u5e03\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u5e76\u57281979 \u5e74 1 \u6708 7 \u65e5\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e86\u8d64\u67ec\u653f\u6743\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e3a\u4e86\u5bf9\u4e0e\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u4eb2\u5bc6\u7684\u6cb3\u5185\u7684\u6311\u8845\u4e4b\u4e3e\u505a\u51fa\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\u65bc 1979 \u5e74 2 \u6708\u53d1\u52a8\u60e9\u8d8a\u6218\u4e89\uff08\u8f9b\u8fdc\uff0c2009\uff09\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u573a\u4e2d\u8d8a\u8fb9\u5883\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u663e\u7136\u638c\u4e3b\u5bfc\u6743\uff0c\u800c\u5317\u4eac\u53d1\u52a8\u5bf9\u6cb3\u5185\u53d1\u52a8\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u81ea\u59cb\u5c31\u8bbe\u5b9a\u5728\u300c\u6709\u9650\u6218\u4e89\u300d\uff0c\u6709\u300c\u89c1\u597d\u5c31\u6536\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u613f\u6269\u5927\u7684\u51c6\u5907\u3002\u7a76\u5176\u5386\u53f2\u8109\u7edc\uff0c\u662f\u6709\u4e9b\u539f\u56e0\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e2d\u8d8a\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u4e4b\u5916\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u8d8a\u5357\u53d1\u52a8\u6218\u4e89\u663e\u7136\u53ea\u662f\u56de\u5e94\u6027\u7684\u3002\u6b64\u524d\uff0c\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u867d\u516c\u5f00\u63d0\u8fc7\u8981\u6559\u8bad\u8d8a\u5357\uff0c\u6bd5\u7adf\u662f\u53e3\u5934\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e14\u672a\u66fe\u8a00\u53ca\u52a8\u6b66\u3002<\/p>\n

\u800c\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u89e3\u653e\u519b\u4ece\u8bad\u7ec3\u5230\u51c6\u5907\uff0c \u4ece\u8bad\u7ec3\u3001\u8d44\u6e90\u5230\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u90fd\u4e25\u91cd\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0d\u5e0c\u671b\u6269\u5927\u6218\u4e89\u89c4\u6a21\uff0c\u6545\u65bc 1978 \u5e74 12 \u6708 8 \u65e5\u4e0a\u5348\uff0c\u6b63\u5f0f\u4e0b\u8fbe\u4f5c\u6218\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a\u300c\u65e0\u8bba\u6218\u679c\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u6211\u519b\u653b\u514b\u9ad8\u5e73\u548c\u8c05\u5c71\u5f8c\u4e0d\u5f97\u604b\u6218\uff0c\u5373\u884c\u64a4\u56de\u300d\u3002\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u6253\u5b8c\u5c31\u64a4\uff0c\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u8d8a\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u65e2\u5b9a\u6218\u7565\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u8d8a\u5357\u81ea\u79f0\u7684\u201c\u80dc\u5229\u6210\u679c\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7531\u65bc\u5f53\u65f6\u4e2d\u56fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u662f\u5317\u65b9\u7684\u82cf\u8054\uff0c \u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u8d8a\u5357\u6218\u573a\u4e0a\u51c6\u5907\u6295\u5165\u7684\u4ec5\u662f\u6b21\u8981\u7684\u5175\u529b\uff08\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\uff0c2013c\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u519b\u59d4\u4e0b\u8fbe\u4f5c\u6218\u547d\u4ee4\u5f8c\uff0c\u4ecd\u5c5e\u6218\u4e89\u51c6\u5907\u72b6\u6001\u300212 \u6708 25 \u65e5\u8d8a\u5357\u5bf9\u67ec\u57d4\u5be8\u52a8\u6b66\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u4e2d\u56fd\u4ecd\u6309\u5175\u4e0d\u52a8\uff0c1979 \u5e74\u5317\u4eac\u65bc 2 \u6708 15 \u65e5\u4e2d\u82cf\u53cb\u597d\u540c\u76df\u4e92\u52a9\u6761\u7ea6\u8fc7\u671f\u5931\u6548\u4e4b\u5f8c\u7684 2 \u6708 17 \u65e5\uff0c\u624d\u5728\u4eba\u6c11\u65e5\u62a5\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u300a\u662f\u53ef\u5fcd\uff0c \u5b70\u4e0d\u53ef\u5fcd\u300b\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u6b63\u5f0f\u5ba3\u544a\u5c06\u4e0e\u8d8a\u5357\u65b9\u9762\u5728\u6709\u9650\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u7a7a\u95f4\u3001\u89c4\u6a21\u300c\u8fdb\u884c\u81ea\u536b\u53cd\u51fb\u3001\u4fdd\u536b\u8fb9\u7586\u7684\u6218\u6597\u300d\uff08\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\uff0c2013c\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4f9d\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u5e8f\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u4fb5\u7565\u67ec\uff0c\u903c\u8feb\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u8d8a\u52a8\u6b66\u3002\u57fa\u8f9b\u683c\u66fe\u900f\u9732\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u7684\u8bdd\uff1a\u300c\u6211\uff08\u4ece\u7f8e\u56fd\uff09\u56de\u6765\u5f8c\uff0c\u9a6c\u4e0a\u5c31\u6253\u4ed7\u4e86\u3002\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u4e8b\u5148\u5fb5\u6c42\u4e86\u4f60\u4eec\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u3002\u300d\uff08\u4ea8\u5229\uff0e\u57fa\u8f9b\u683c\uff0c2013\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u57fa\u8f9b\u683c\u8bf4\uff0c\u300c\u5047\u82e5\u6ca1\u6709\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\uff08\u4e2d \u56fd\uff09\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u300e\u6478\u8001\u864e\u5c41\u80a1\u300f\u300d\uff1b\u300c\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u963b\u6b62\u8d8a\uff0c\u5982\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd8\u8981\u626d\u8f6c\u82cf\u8054\u6218\u7565\u7684\u52bf\u5934\u300d\uff1b\u300c\u6b64\u6218\u4e89\u65e9\u5df2\u5b9a\u8c03\uff0c\u662f\u6709\u9650\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u300d\uff1b\u300c\u300e\u9002\u5f53\u5730\u300f\u7ed9\u4ed6 \u4eec\u300e\u6709\u9650\u7684\u300f\u6559\u8bad\u300d\uff08\u4ea8\u5229\uff0e\u57fa\u8f9b\u683c\uff0c2013\uff09\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u8d8a\u5357\u4e4b\u524d\u5df2\u7ecf\u57cb\u4e0b\u4e09\u5927\u6218\u4e89\u8bf1\u56e0\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e2d\u56fd\u51fa\u5175\u201c\u6559\u8bad\u201d\u8d8a\u5357\u3002\u8fd9\u8ddf\u8d8a\u5357\u6240\u8aac\u662f\u8ba8\u597d\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u6839\u672c\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u7232\u907f\u514d\u6811\u654c\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e89\u53d6\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u652f\u6301\u662f\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u6218\u7565\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u662f\u6210\u529f\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u7232\u4e2d\u8d8a\u6218\u4e89\u6ca1\u6709\u5f15\u53d1\u524d\u82cf\u8054\u52a0\u5165\uff0c\u4e5f\u8ddf\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u8d8a\u5357\u9644\u8fd1\u90e8\u7f72\u8230\u961f\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n

\u57fa\u8f9b\u683c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e2d\u8d8a\u6218\u4e89\u5f00\u542f\u51b7\u6218\u671f\u95f4\u4e2d\u7f8e\u4e24\u56fd\u6700\u4e3a\u7d27\u5bc6\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u5951\u673a\uff0c\u6b64\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u6700\u5927\u7684\u6218\u7565\u80dc\u5229\uff08\u4ea8\u5229\uff0e\u57fa\u8f9b\u683c\uff0c2013\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u5b83\u5bf9\u82cf\u3001\u5bf9\u8d8a\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u5730\u7f18\u653f\u6cbb\u76ee\u6807\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u3001\u4e1c\u76df\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u56e0\u800c\u8fbe\u6210\u4e00\u79cd\u8054\u76df\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8282\u5236\u4e86\u82cf\u8054\u5728\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u548c\u9a6c\u516d\u7532\u6d77\u5ce1\u7684\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6269\u5c55\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4f7f\u8d8a\u5357\u4ed8\u51fa\u4e86\u6c89\u91cd\u7684\u4ee3\u4ef7\uff08\u4ea8\u5229\uff0e\u57fa\u8f9b\u683c\uff0c 2013\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u62c5\u5fc3\u8d8a\u82cf\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f62\u6210\u5305\u56f4\uff1b\u8d8a\u5357\u5219\u62c5\u5fc3\u4e2d\u7f8e\u4ee5\u53ca\u4eb2\u4e2d\u7684\u67ec\u57d4\u5be8\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u5bf9\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u6784\u6210\u5305\u56f4\u6216\u98a0\u8986\u3002\u6b64\u4e00\u6218\u5f79\u5bfc\u81f4\u8d8a\u4e0e\u82cf\u66f4\u4eb2\u8fd1\u800c\u4e2d\u4e0e\u7f8e\u66f4\u4eb2\u8fd1\u7684\u6548\u5e94\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u58c1\u5792\u5206\u660e\u7684\u9635\u8425\u65bc\u7109\u6210\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n

Bruce Elleman \u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5728\u5916\u4ea4\u4e0a\u83b7\u80dc\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u7ec8\u7a76\u82cf\u8054\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9e\u9645\u5377\u5165\u3002 \u800c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u8bf4\u660e\u8d8a\u82cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u534f\u5b9a\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u6548\u679c\u76f8\u5f53\u6709\u9650\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6218\u7565\u80dc\u5229\u5728\u65bc\uff0c\u7f29\u5c0f\u4e86\u5176\u5bf9\u82cf\u4e0e\u5bf9\u8d8a\u4e24\u9762\u4f5c\u6218\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff08GlobalSecurity.organization, 2013\uff09\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u9ed8\u8bb8\u4e2d\u56fd\u60e9\u7f5a\u8d8a\u5357\u4e5f\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u56f4\u5835\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e9a\u6d32\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u85c9\u6b64\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6d4b\u51fa\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5e95\u7ebf\uff08Rosen & Jones,1980: 133\uff09\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e2d\u8d8a\u6218\u4e89\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6218\u7565\u4e0a\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u65e2\u62d6\u57ae\u8d8a\u5357\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c \u4e5f\u85c9\u7531\u8d8a\u5357\u6765\u62d6\u57ae\u82cf\u8054\u3002\u6218\u5f8c\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u8981\u4fdd\u6301 100 \u591a\u4e07\u6b63\u89c4\u519b\uff0c\u6295\u5165\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5efa\u8bbe\u4e4b\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u7684\u8d28\u4e0e\u91cf\u4fbf\u5927\u53d7\u5f71\u54cd\u3002100 \u4e07\u6b63\u89c4\u519b\u9700\u8981\u5927\u91cf\u5f8c\u52e4\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9700 \u8981\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u63f4\u52a9\uff0c\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u8d1f\u62c5\u56e0\u800c\u52a0\u91cd\uff0c\u8d22\u653f\u72b6\u51b5\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u56f0\u96be\uff08\u4ea8\u5229\uff0e\u57fa\u8f9b\u683c\uff0c2013\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u603b\u7406\u674e\u5149\u8000\u8bf4\uff1a\u300c\u897f\u65b9\u5a92\u4f53\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u60e9\u7f5a\u884c\u52a8\u5931\u8d25 \u4e86\uff0c\u6211\u5374\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u6539\u5199\u4e86\u4e1c\u4e9a\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3002\u300d\uff08\u4ea8\u5229\uff0e\u57fa\u8f9b\u683c\uff0c2013\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\uff08\u7f16\u8005\uff1a\u856d\u5341\u4e00\u72fc\uff09<\/p>\n

<\/span><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u636e\u300a\u718a\u732b\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u5b98\u5a92\u8fd1\u65e5\u5728\u201c\u4e2d\u8d8a\u6218\u4e89\u201d40\u5e74\u53d1\u6587\uff0c\u7ee7\u7eed\u58f0\u79f0\u8d8a\u5357\u662f\u80dc\u5229\u8005\u3002\u6587\u4e2d\u8fd8\u8ba4\u7232\uff0c\u89e3\u653e\u519b\u653b\u8d8a\u7684\u56db\u5927\u76ee […]<\/p>\n

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